GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FISHERIES INDUSTRY

Several social and environmental factors such as industrialization, deforestation, erosion of toxic pollutants have played dominant role in the increase rate of the global warming. This notion has affected the various segments of the planet. Sectors such as Fishery, Firming, and Agroforestry and Forest management sectors have been facing deleterious realities because of the greenhouse emission from the last few decades. In recent times, scientist has become apprehensive about the fact of reducing the negative effects caused by the global warming. Moreover, several studies have circulated various strategies to mitigate the risk factors of greenhouse effects to protect the future of the planate.

Trabalho a céu aberto: passado, presente e futuro sobre exposição ocupacional ao calor / Outdoor work: past, present, and future on occupational heat exposure

Resumo Considerando as mudanças climáticas e o impacto das temperaturas elevadas na saúde humana, especialmente devido ao aquecimento global, são relevantes as ações de prevenção ao calor voltadas aos trabalhadores que laboram a céu aberto. Neste ensaio, são apresentados resultados de recentes pesquisas, bem como destacadas inovações tecnológicas para monitoramento do calor no Brasil. Também são expostas reflexões sobre o futuro do trabalho a céu aberto diante das mudanças climáticas. O trabalho a céu aberto é em geral caracterizado por atividades pesadas, que geram elevado calor metabólico. Contudo, são escassos os esforços no campo da Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho para a busca de alternativas que minimizem ou eliminem os efeitos do calor para os trabalhadores. Além disso, as alternativas de proteção dos trabalhadores são reduzidas. O Monitor IBUTG é apresentado como inovação tecnológica de monitoramento remoto do calor em ambiente a céu aberto. Apesar das medidas de controle previstas em lei para proteção dos trabalhadores submetidos ao calor, em razão do aquecimento global, serão necessários intervenções inovadoras e controles especiais da exposição ao calor nos ambientes externos. Portanto, é desejável maior empenho na produção de conhecimento com vistas a fomentar a elaboração ou o aprimoramento de políticas públicas.

Abstract Given the current climate change and high-temperature impact on human health, especially due to global warming, actions for heat prevention focused on outdoor workers are relevant. This essay presents the results of recent research and highlights technological innovations for heat monitoring in Brazil. Also, it reflects on the future of outdoor work given climate change. Outdoor work is generally characterized as heavy, leading to higher metabolic heat production. However, Occupational Safety and Health have made few efforts to find alternatives to minimize or eliminate heat impact on workers. Moreover, the worker's protection alternatives are reduced. WBGT Monitor is presented as a technological innovation for remote heat monitoring in outdoor environments. Despite the control measures provided to workers subjected to heat, global warming demands innovative interventions and special exposure controls at outdoor workplaces. Thus, an increased commitment to knowledge production to elaborate or improve public policy is desirable.

La salud humana frente al estrés térmico por el cambio climático

Introducción: La alteración del clima planetario, atribuida directa o indirectamente a la actividad humana, que modifica la composición de la atmósfera mundial y se suma a la variabilidad natural del clima, es conocida como cambio climático global. Sus efectos en la salud, directos e indirectos, ya presentes, perturbarán a la mayoría de las poblaciones en las próximas décadas y pondrán en riesgo la vida y el bienestar de miles de millones de personas. Objetivo: Describir, a partir de una revisión, los principales riesgos para la salud humana derivados de la mayor frecuencia e intensidad de episodios de estrés térmico derivados del cambio climático. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica relativa a los efectos de la temperatura sobre la salud humana, así como su influencia sobre la mortalidad general, en el periodo 2008 hasta 2021, en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Ebsco, LiLACS, así como, otras fuentes y recursos de información disponibles en Internet. Se utilizó el vocabulario controlado del Descriptor en Ciencias de la Salud. Resultados: Se recuperaron 32 publicaciones sobre de la influencia del clima y sus cambios en la salud humana que plantearon, por lo general, que las altas temperaturas guardaron relación con el incremento de la mortalidad principalmente por enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares y respiratorias, se han convertido en un contribuyente considerable a la carga de morbilidad. Conclusiones: Las temperaturas extremas incrementan la morbilidad y mortalidad agudas, principalmente en grupos de riesgo. La promoción de una adecuada hidratación y el uso de ropas adecuadas, ayudará a las personas en la prevención de afecciones por las temperaturas extremas, erigiéndose en acciones individuales de protección contra los efectos de la mayor frecuencia e intensidad de eventos de estrés térmico asociado al cambio climático, a incorporar a la cotidianidad.

Introduction: The alteration of the planetary climate, attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, which modifies the composition of the world atmosphere and adds to the natural variability of the climate, is known as global climate change. Its direct and indirect health effects, already present, will disturb most populations in the coming decades and put the lives and well-being of billions of people at risk. Objective: To describe, based on a review, the main risks to human health derived from the greater frequency and intensity of episodes of thermal stress derived from climate change. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out regarding the effects of temperature on human health, as well as its influence on general mortality, in the period 2008 to 2021, in the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Ebsco, LiLACS, as well as other information sources and resources available on the Internet. The controlled vocabulary descriptors in Health Sciences were used. Results: 32 publications on the influence of climate and its changes on human health were recovered, which generally stated that high temperatures were related to the increase in mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases, and have become a significant contributor to the burden of disease. Conclusions: Extreme temperatures increase acute morbidity and mortality, mainly in risk groups. The promotion of adequate hydration and the use of adequate clothing will help people in the prevention of conditions caused by extreme temperatures, establishing individual actions to protect against the effects of the greater frequency and intensity of heat stress events associated with climate change, to incorporate into daily life.

Root dynamics and drought stress management in plants — Overview

Drought is a predominant factor responsible for yield reduction throughout the world. The current scenario of climate change and global warming are further causing frequent and severe droughts, which emphasizes the need to understand the response of plants to drought stress. Hence, it is imperative to develop a system wherein water utilization is more efficient in agriculture. In this context, the plant root system which is in close association with soil assumes greater importance and they play an important role in plant growth and development by exploiting soil water and nutrients. Root traits such as root diameter, length, specific area, angle, length and density are considered useful traits for improving plant growth under drought conditions. This review on root dynamics under drought stress presented here provides readers with the latest information on root system architecture, genetics, physiology and molecular responses of roots under drought stress.

Chagas disease in the context of the 2030 agenda: global warming and vectors

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines' dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.

Efecto de la temperatura y concentración de microplásticos en la tasa de filtración del mejillón Semimytilus algosus (Mytiloida: Mytilidae) / Effect of temperature and microplastic concentration on the filtration rate of the mussel Semimytilus algosus (Myiloida: Mytilidae)

Resumen Introducción: La presencia de microplásticos (MPs, partículas menores a 5 mm) y el incremento de la temperatura en los océanos, vienen generando perturbaciones en la vida marina, que se pueden relacionar con alteraciones en el metabolismo de organismos filtradores, como los mitílidos. Objetivo: Se evalúa el efecto de diferentes temperaturas y concentraciones de MPs sobre la tasa de filtración (TF) de Semimytilus algosus. Métodos: Una muestra de organismos (N = 72) fue expuesta a cuatro temperaturas (17, 20, 23 y 26 °C), y un testigo sin microplásticos (MPs0) y dos concentraciones de MPs (< 125 µm) de 0.125 mg/l (MPs1) y 0.250 mg/l (MPs2), todos en combinación con la microalga Isochrysis galbana (1x106 cel/ml/día) por 21 días. Resultados: A medida que aumentó la concentración de MPs, se redujo la TF de S. algosus. Respecto a la temperatura, durante el día 7 se observó una mayor TF a 23 °C en todos los tratamientos, y para los días 14 y 21 se obtuvieron los menores valores de TF a 23 y 26 °C. La acción conjunta del incremento de temperatura y MPs, afectó negativamente la TF de S. algosus, donde ambos factores ocasionaron el descenso de la TF para todos los tiempos de evaluación. No se registró mortalidad a 17 °C para ningún tratamiento, y en el caso de mitílidos expuestos a MPs1 y temperaturas de 20 y 26 °C se presentó la mayor mortalidad (67 %). Conclusiones: El estudio demuestra el efecto adverso del incremento de temperatura y MPs sobre la TF de S. algosus.

Abstract Introduction: The presence of microplastics (MPs, particles smaller than 5 mm) and the increase in temperature in the oceans, have been generating disturbances in marine life, which can be related to alterations in the metabolism of filter-feeders, such as Mythilids. Objective: The effect of different temperatures and concentrations of MPs on the filtration rate (TF) of Semimytilus algosus is evaluated. Methods: A sample of organisms (N = 72) was exposed to four temperatures (17, 20, 23 and 26 °C), and a control without microplastics (MPs0) and two concentrations of MPs (< 125 µm) of 0.125 mg/l (MPs1) and 0.250 mg/l (MPs2), all in combination with Isochrysis galbana microalgae (1x106 cells/ml/day) for 21 days. Results: As the concentration of MPs increased, the TF of S. algosus decreased. Regarding temperature, during day 7 a higher TF was observed at 23 °C in all treatments, and during days 14 and 21 the lowest TF values were obtained at 23 and 26 °C. The joint action of the increase in temperature and MPs, negatively affected the TF of S. algosus, where both factors caused the decrease in TF for all evaluation times. No mortality was recorded at 17 °C for any treatment, and in the case of mytylids exposed to MPs1 at 20 °C and 26 °C, the highest mortality (67 %) occurred. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the adverse effect of the increase in temperature and MPs on the TF of S. algosus.

Searching for synthetic mechanisms on how biological traits mediate species responses to climate change / Em busca de mecanismos sintéticos sobre como os atributos biológicos mediam as respostas das espécies às mudanças climáticas

Abstract: Climate change will likely be the most significant challenge faced by species in this century, and species' ability to cope with climate change depends on their life history and ecological and evolutionary traits. Understanding how these traits mediate species' responses is beneficial for identifying more vulnerable species or prone to extinction risk. Here, we carried out a literature review describing how four traits commonly used in vulnerability assessments (i.e. clutch size, diet breadth, dispersal ability, and climatic tolerance) may determine species vulnerability. We also portray the possible mechanisms that explain how these traits govern species responses to climate change. The literature suggests different mechanisms operating for the evaluated traits. The mechanism of response to climate change differs between species inhabiting tropical and temperate regions: while species from the temperate areas may respond positively to temperature rise, tropical species may be severely affected. Since ectotherms depend on environment temperature, they are more sensitive and present different response mechanisms from endotherms.

Resumo: A mudança climática provavelmente será o maior desafio enfrentado pelas espécies neste século e a capacidade das espécies em lidar com a mudança climática depende de seus próprios atributos de história de vida, ecológicos e evolutivos. Entender como esses atributos mediam as respostas das espécies é extremamente útil para identificar espécies que são mais vulneráveis ou sujeitas ao risco de extinção. Aqui, realizamos uma revisão da literatura com foco na descrição de como quatro atributos comumente usados em avaliações de vulnerabilidade (tamanho da ninhada, amplitude da dieta, capacidade de dispersão e tolerância climática) podem realmente determinar a vulnerabilidade das espécies. Também retratamos os possíveis mecanismos que explicam como esses atributos governam as respostas das espécies à mudança climática. A literatura sugere diferentes mecanismos operando para os atributos avaliados. O mecanismo de resposta à mudança climática difere entre as espécies que habitam as regiões tropicais e temperadas: enquanto as espécies das regiões temperadas podem responder positivamente ao aumento da temperatura, as espécies tropicais podem ser severamente afetadas. Como os ectotérmicos dependem da temperatura ambiente, eles são mais sensíveis e apresentam mecanismos de resposta diferentes dos endotérmicos.

Genetic effect of season on the preweaning growth of beef cattle: A first approach on Retinta calves / Efecto genético de la estación climática sobre el crecimiento predestete del ganado de carne: Un primer estudio en terneros de raza Retinta / Efeito genético de estações climáticas no crescimento pré-desmame de bovinos de corte: uma primeira abordagem para os bezerros Retinta

Abstract Background: Heat stress derived from global warming is causing major economic losses in the livestock industry. Objective: To develop a novel methodological approach for determining the influence of climatic factors on the estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits in Retinta cattle breed by using reaction-norm models. Methods: Live weight records (n=7,753) from 3,162 Retinta calves born from 1,249 dams and 85 sires and raised in the Andalusian region (Spain) were analyzed. The effect of heat stress was measured using the temperature-humidity index, calculated with climatological data obtained from four weather stations. A bivariate-random-regression reaction-norm model was used to estimate the (co)variance components of weight until weaning in two different climatic seasons corresponding to warm and cold months. Results: The heritability pattern of individuals reared under diverse environments during the first 90 days of age was different. However, differences were not significant at the end of the growing period. Weaned calves reared during the cold season showed greater growth from 70 to 160 days in comparison with those reared during the warm season. Conclusions: Overall, this assessment did not show significant effects of the genotype-environment interaction. However, highly significant evidence of genotype-climatic condition interaction was found during the calf´s first three months of age.

Resumen Antecedentes: El estrés térmico derivado del calentamiento global está causando pérdidas económicas en la industria ganadera. Objetivo: Desarrollar un enfoque metodológico para estimar la influencia de algunos factores climáticos sobre la estimación de parámetros genéticos en las variables de crecimiento de la raza bovina Retinta. Métodos: Se analizaron registros de peso vivo (n=7.753) de 3.162 terneros hijos de 1.249 vacas y 85 toros, criados en la región de Andalucía (España). El efecto del estrés térmico se midió mediante un índice de temperatura-humedad obtenido a partir de los datos de cuatro estaciones meteorológicas. Se usó un modelo bivariado de regresión aleatoria de "norma-reacción" para estimar la (co)varianza del peso hasta el destete en dos diferentes épocas climáticas correspondientes a los meses cálidos y fríos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias en el patrón de heredabilidad de individuos criados en diferentes ambientes durante los primeros 90 días de vida. Sin embargo, tales diferencias no fueron significativas al final del periodo de crecimiento. Los terneros destetados en la época fría mostraron un mayor crecimiento entre 70 y 160 días en comparación con los criados en la temporada cálida. Conclusiones: Se encontró una evidencia altamente significativa de la interacción genotipo-condición climática durante los primeros tres meses de crecimiento del ternero.

Resumo Antecedentes: O estresse térmico devido ao aumento da temperatura média está produzindo grandes perdas econômicas na indústria pecuária. Objetivo: Realizar uma nova abordagem metodológica para estimar a importância dos fatores climáticos em parâmetros genéticos em variáveis de crescimento da população da raça Retinta. Métodos: Foram analisados registros de peso vivo (n=7.753) de 3.162 Retinta bezerros, nascidos de 1.249 vacas e 85 touros criados na região da Andaluzia (Espanha). O efeito do estresse térmico foi medido utilizando o índice de temperatura-umidade obtido com dados climatológicos de quatro estações meteorológicas. Um modelo de regressão aleatória bivariado de norma-reação foi usado para estimar os componentes da (co)variância do peso à desmama em duas estações climáticas com correspondência aos meses quentes e fríos. Resultados: Diferenças foram encontradas no padrão de herdabilidade de indivíduos criados em diferentes ambientes nos primeiros 90 dias de idade. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram significativas no final do período de crescimento. Os bezerros desmamados globalmente na estação fria apresentaram um crescimento maior dos 70 aos 160 dias em comparação com os indivíduos criados na estação quente. Conclusões: Uma evidência altamente significativa da interação genótipo-ambiente foi encontrada durante os primeiros três meses de crescimento do bezerro.

Effects of microbial conditioning and temperature on the leaf-litter shredding activity of Phylloicussp

Few studies try to explain the effects in tropical lotic ecosystems of an increase in water temperature on the shredding activity of invertebrate shredders, particularly in association with the quality of the leaf litter and the degree of litter conditioning. Therefore, the aims of this study were as follows: i) to better understand how this key invertebrate shredder group affects the decomposition of different species of leaf litter under gradual increases in temperature and microbial conditioning; and ii) to verify the possible consequences on leaf mass loss (LML). Three species of leaf litter were used in two experiments. Inexperiment I, the litters of three species (Protium spruceanum, Richeria grandisand Ingalaurina) at three conditioning levels (1, 7, 14 days) were tested under five different temperatures (20, 22, 24, 26 and28°C). In experiment II, the leaf litters of three species were used, without conditioning, under four temperatures (20, 22, 26 and27°C). The shredding performed by Phylloicussp. was largely dependent on the lignin and cellulose concentrations in each leaf species, independent of conditioning. The presence or absence of conditioning may cause the shredders to use different energy compensation strategies in response to the temperature increases.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi a potential eco-friendly tool for sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions/ in biotic and abiotic stress conditions

Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son biotrofos obligados que viven en asociación simbiótica con las raíces de las plantas. Se encuentran entre los microorganismos del suelo más extendidos que proporcionan a la planta huésped nutrientes y protección contra patógenos. Las prácticas agrícolas modernas, como la labranza frecuente, el alto empleo de fertilización inorgánica pesticidas junto con condiciones climáticas cambiantes debido al calentamiento global, tienen enormes impactos en la colonización de los HMA, la interacción con las plantas y la productividad de los cultivos. Los HMA afectan positivamente la tolerancia de las plantas al estrés biótico y abiótico, a los ecosistemas severos y sus patógenos al alterar la estructura de las raíces, la exudación, la microflora de la rizosfera, la producción de antifúngicos y antibacterianos, y al competir con los patógenos por la absorción de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, juegan un papel importante en el crecimiento, la productividad y la calidad de las plantas. Además, el efecto de un fungicida varía según su modo de acción y las especies de HMA asociadas, lo que sugiere que estos hongos tienen un gran potencial como herramienta para la agricultura sostenible ecológica en el actual escenario de calentamiento global.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs living in symbiotic association with roots of plants. They are among the most widespread soil microorganisms that provide the host plant with nutrients and pathogen protection. Modern farming practices like frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization and pesticide along changing climatic conditions due to global warming, have huge impacts on AMF colonization, interaction with plants and on crop productivity. AMF positively affect the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, harsh ecosystems and plant pathogens by altering root structure, exudation, rhizosphere microflora, production of antifungals, antibacterials, and competing with pathogens for nutrient uptake. Thus, it plays a significant role in plant growth, productivity and quality. Further, the effect of a fungicide is varied depending on its mode of action and the associated AMF species, suggesting that these fungi have a strong potential as a tool for eco-friendly sustainable farming in the present scenario of global warming.

The Nature of Climate Change- equivalent Climate Change Model’s Application in Decoding the Root Cause of Global Warming

Scrutiny and analysis of various energy applications show that the energy conversion to useful work or new products has been systematically inefficient. The global energy’s total effective conversion efficiency is estimated only about 20% and about 80% of the energy has been discharged into the environment. It is this energy that leads to the unbalance of the climate system’s energy budget balance and causes the global warming. This article presents a simple equivalent climate change model to track the past global warming and to predict the future change trend at the global scale. The model comprises of an equivalent climate change surface air boundary layer, an equivalent climate change land surface boundary layer and an equivalent climate change seawaters surface boundary layer. It produces unique definitive relationships between the temperature changes and the heat entered the air, waters and land. The model can also be used to forecast future non-renewable energy consumption needed to keep the temperature rising under Paris Accord. Analysis of currently available data by using this model confirms that temperature changes in air, seawaters and land closely correlate to the amount of heat discharged into the climate system from human activities. NASA and NOAA’s observations of temperature anomalies for the surface air, sea surface and land surface are well consistent with the temperature changes calculated by this model, especially the calculated results at the depth of 70 meters of the surface air boundary layer and NASA’s Lowess Smoothing trend are very close. Flaring intensifies global warming. Reducing use of fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal energies, developing surface renewable energies and increasing energy’s total effective conversion efficiency and thus reducing the amount of residual/waste energy are the paths to effectively and efficiently control global warming.

Impact of Local Global Warming on Rainfall and Annual Cocoa Water Requirements in the Regions of Lôh-Djiboua and Gôh in West-central Côte d'Ivoire

Aims: To understand the role of the interannual variability of cumulative rainfall and maximum dry sequences in cocoa production in the Centre-Ouest, one of the cocoa basins in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to propose technical routes more adapted to current rainfall conditions. Study Design: Collection, analysis and processing of daily rainfall data collected by the rain gauges at Divo and Gagnoa stations. Location and Duration of Studies: Divo Cocoa Research Station of the National Center for Agricultural Research, between January 2017 and June 2019. Methodology: The rainfall regime of each locality was determined to assess the impact of rainfall changes on the seasonality of rainfall. The interannual variability of rainfall was studied from the reduced centred rainfall indices. The break years in the time series were detected at both stations from the Khrono Stat software. The interannual cumulative rainfall were analysed for each station and compared to the minimum threshold allowed for cocoa trees. The means of the maximum interannual dry sequences and their probabilities of occurrence were determined using the agrometeorological software called Instat + Version 3.37. Results: The rainfall regime in the area studied (west-central Côte d'Ivoire) has not been modified by the post-rupture rainfall recession as is the case in other parts of the country; it remains a bimodal system characterized by two rainy seasons and two dries during the year. The Divo and Gagnoa regions have been facing a general recession in rainfall since 1966 in Gagnoa and 1972 in Divo. However, the locality of Gagnoa has experienced an increase in rainfall since 2000. Most of the rupture detection tests identified rainfall rupture dates identical to those indicated by the interannual variability highlighted by the rainfall indices. In Gagnoa and Divo, the interannual cumulative rainfalls after the years of rainfall break are reduced compared to those before these rainfall accidents. This situation has led to an increase in the maximum interannual dry sequences in the departments studied. Conclusion: Local climate change has created difficult rainfall conditions after years of rainfall break for cocoa trees as their water needs are increasingly reduced, especially in Divo in Lôh-Djiboua where the downward trend in rainfall has been continuous since 1972. In Gagnoa since the beginning of this century, there has been a new wet period that allows rainfall to adequately meet the cocoa tree's water requirements.

Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase Enzymes: A Possible Virulence Factor for the Management of Antibiotic Resistance Crisis in the Climate Change Era

The problem of antibiotic resistance develops when bacteria are able to grow in the presence of conventional antimicrobial drugs and today represents a serious public health issue. The environmental effects of global warming, by unknown genomic mechanisms of adaption, could dramatically increase this phenomenon and support a more rapid progression to “post-antibiotic era”, in which common infections will be untreatable. Alternative approaches toward drug-resistant bacterial infections need to be explored to ensure effective therapies. Bacterial pathogens produce virulence factors that allow them to invade and to damage host cells. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) enzymes (MsrAs and MsrBs) are important, but poor studied, virulence factors for many bacterial strains. A deeper insight into their mechanism of action and regulation could help in developing novel therapeutic strategies toward drug-resistant bacteria, in order to overcome the antibiotic resistance crisis.

A study on KAP regarding environment and global warming in senior secondary school students in Kochi, Kerala

Background: Global warming is a phenomenon of an increase in the earth’s temperature. It leads to an environmental, as well as social loss, which has shown an upward trend since the industrial revolution. Greenhouse gases have been showing catastrophic consequences as well. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among students on the environment so as to discover the gaps and take steps to curb them.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 10th grade high school students. Purposive sampling was done. A pre-tested, semi-structured and self- administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS V2.0.Results: In this study, 48% of the students were boys and the remaining 52% were girls. A majority of the students were Hindu and belonged to the age group 15-16 years. A hundred percent of the students showed concern regarding the degrading environment. 85% agreed to fact that it can be restored by cumulative efforts. Everyone regarded the sun as the ultimate source of energy. The attitude on protecting the environment was high among the majority of the students. 50% of the students save electricity when not needed. 69% of the students had good knowledge, 65% had a good attitude and 53% had a poor level of practice concerning the environment.Conclusions: In light of the scarcity of adequate literature this study was able to identify gaps among students. Appropriate measures are needed to strengthen their knowledge and attitude and improve their practice.

Cambio climático algunos aspectos a considerar para la supervivencia del ser vivo: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Some climate-change aspects to be considered for the survival of living organisms: a systematic literature review / Mudança climática, alguns aspectos a serem considerados para a sobrevivência do ser vivo: revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen Introducción La problemática del cambio climático global que experimenta el planeta debe ser continuamente mostrada con el propósito de lograr en los países una visión objetiva y coherente y facilitar el desarrollo de planes y políticas de manejo medio ambiental. El objetivo fue proporcionar de forma consolidada y actualizada información sobre cambio climático a considerar en la toma de conciencia sobre su efecto para la supervivencia. Materiales y Métodos Se basó en la revisión de literatura sobre aspectos del cambio climático en la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra, para ello se recurrió a bases de datos físicas (bibliotecas) y virtuales (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados De la revisión destacan cinco elementos claves: La evidencia del cambio climático; el cambio climático y su construcción mediática; el clima, su cambio y efecto sobre la salud; la política global y cambio climático; y los ecosistemas en materia de conservación en América Latina. Discusión El cambio climático tiene un amplio cuerpo teórico de cimiento que debe presentarse de forma concisa y actualizada en procura de favorecer la toma de decisiones en la mitigación y adaptación de los efectos adversos que de él se deriva para la supervivencia de la vida en la tierra. Conclusiones Toda acción de prevención, mitigación o adaptación a cambio climáticos requiere de información actual con el fin de garantizar el éxito una vez instauradas, debido a la diversidad de impactos y vulnerabilidad que tienen las poblaciones en distintas regiones del mundo.

Abstract Introduction The problem of global climate change that the planet is experiencing must be continually shown so that countries achieve an objective and consistent view, and plans and policies for environmental management are expeditiously developed. The aim is to provide -on a consolidated and up-to-date basis- information on climate change to be considered in decision-making concerning its impact on survival. Materials and Methods Work was based on the literature review about climate-change aspects in the survival of life on earth; physical (libraries) and virtual (Bireme, Medline, PudMed, Scielo) databases were queried for this purpose. Results Five key elements to be highlighted from the review: The evidence of climate change; climate change itself and its media construction; climate, its change and impact on health; global policy and climate change; and ecosystems conservation in Latin America. Discussion Climate change is based on broad theoretical framework that must be shown in concise and up-to-date manner to contribute to decision-making about the mitigation of and adaptation to its adverse impacts on the survival of life on earth. Conclusions Any action for the prevention, mitigation or adaptation to climate change requires current information to ensure its success after implementation, due to the diversity of impacts and vulnerability suffered by populations in different regions around the world.

Resumo Introdução O problema da mudança climática no mundo que está vivenciando o planeta deve ser continuamente mostrado para os países puderem ter uma visão objetiva e coerente e facilitar o desenvolvimento de planos e de políticas de gestão ambiental. O objetivo foi fornecer informações consolidadas e atualizadas sobre a mudança climática que devem ser consideradas para a conscientização sobre seu efeito na sobrevivência. Materiais e Métodos O estudo esteve baseado na revisão da literatura sobre aspectos da mudança climática na sobrevivência da vida na Terra e para isso, foram utilizados bancos de dados físicos (bibliotecas) e virtuais (Bireme/OPS, Medline, PudMed, Scielo). Resultados Cinco elementos-chave se destacam da revisão: as evidências da mudança climática; a mudança climática e sua construção na mídia; o clima, sua mudança e efeito na saúde; a política global e a mudança climática; e os ecossistemas de conservação na América Latina. Discussão A mudança climática tem um amplo corpo teórico de fundamentação que deve ser apresentado de forma concisa e atualizada, a fim de favorecer a tomada de decisão na redução e adaptação dos efeitos adversos derivados provocados por ela para a sobrevivência da vida no planeta. Conclusões Qualquer ação de prevenção, mitigação ou adaptação em relação à mudança climática exige informações atualizadas para garantir que tenha sucesso quando seja estabelecida, devido à diversidade de impactos e à vulnerabilidade das populações em diferentes regiões do mundo.

Estío 2019-2020: Una nueva era

Los tiempos que vivimos parecen sacados de una novela surrealista o de un libro de Historia. También se parecen a algunas películas de ciencia ficción o a ciertos documentales especializados en desastres. Estamos viviendo una realidad del "mientras tanto". Mientras dure la peste, mientras dure la cuarentena, mientras duren el toque de queda, la subida del dólar, el distanciamiento social, el uso de mascarillas, la escasez de alcohol gel, las colas para entrar al supermercado… Todos esperamos que "esto" pase. Lo hacemos en el sentido de esperar con "esperanza", con la obligada resignación de quien sabe que no hay mucho más que hacer, pero adivina que en algún momento "esto" pasará, de veras que pasará. Y volveremos a vivir "en paz", "en libertad"… Como "antes". Pero lo cierto es que no sabemos muy bien… nada. Nuestra "evidencia", nuestra nunca bien ponderada evidencia… no existe. No tenemos evidencia. La evidencia está "en construcción". Pasarán años antes de que tengamos un cuerpo robusto de conocimiento comprobable. No sabemos, tampoco, cuáles serán las consecuencias posteriores a la pandemia. ¿Recesión económica? ¿Desempleo? ¿Pobreza? Mucho se ha especulado al respecto. Hoy quisiera detenerme un poco en esto, desde un punto de vista más "epidemiológico": Nuestro estilo de vida. Yes que este momento de cuasi-ficción o de hiper-realidad, podría estar marcando el paso de una era a otra: El paso de una sociedad "post-bacteriana" a una realidad "viral". Desde el descubrimiento de la penicilina, la relación entre el reino de la Humanidad y el reino microbiano cambió completamente, incluso en muchos casos radicalmente. Ya no fuimos "presas", sino incluso "predadores". Las bacterias ya no solo mueren cuando generan enfermedad, destruidas por agentes químicos cada vez más poderosos, sino que nos sirven en diversos cultivos para generar diversos productos. Las relaciones entre el mundo bacteriano y el mundo humano han sido, a través de la Historia, insalubres, desproporcionadas, caóticas, pe ro evidentes. Habitualmente sucias. La enfermedad bacteriana es palmaria, generalmente aguda. Y, si no lo es, larva en silencio para generar luego un descalabro continuado y macabro, que da cuenta de la vida más tarde o más temprano (...)

Huella de carbono en el Hospital Base de Puerto Montt / Measurement of the carbon footprint at a regional hospital

Background: Measuring the carbon footprint (CF) makes it possible to estimate the contribution of clinical activity to global warming. Aim: To measure the emitter components of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) at the Hospital Base, Puerto Montt (HBPM). Material and methods: Descriptive study with data collected retrospectively between January and December 2016 from the HBPM database. The data analyzes direct and indirect emissions as well as other indirect emissions beyond the organizational limits. Results: Of the 9,660.3 tons of CO2e emitted by the HBPM in 2016, 46% were derived from consumption of electricity, 29% derived from the generation of residues, and 10% from clinical gas consumption, of which Sevoflurane was the greatest contributor. Conclusions: Clinical gases are a significant source of CO2e emissions. Sevoflurane alone is in fourth place in CO2e emissions at the HBPM. Estimating the CF produced by HBPM is the first step in the discussion of measures to reduce the environmental impact of our activity.

Floating Aquatic Macrophytes Decrease the Methane Concentration in the Water Column of a Tropical Coastal Lagoon: Implications for Methane Oxidation and Emission

ABSTRACT In wetlands, the knowledge accumulated on the role of aquatic plants in the methane cycle focused on emergent macrophytes, to the detriment of other typologies. Herein, we evaluated whether the free-floating macrophyte Salvinia auriculata Aubl. and the floating-leaved macrophyte Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth. decrease the water column methane concentrations compared to a plant-free surface. We prepared microcosms by inserting an individual of S. auriculata or of E. azurea into chambers filled with lagoon water previously bubbled with CH4. Another set of chambers was incubated only with the prepared water, representing the plant-free surface. Half of the chambers were kept in the dark and half in sunlight to simulate a diel cycle. We observed greater loss of CH4, higher O2 uptake and lower CO2 outflow in the plants treatments. The decrease in methane concentrations in the E. azurea treatments was 93.5% in the light and 77.2% in the dark. In the S. auriculata treatments, the decreases were 74.2% and 67.4% in the light and in the dark, respectively. In plant-free surface the decrease was 58.7% in the light and 36.3% in the dark. These results indicate a role of floating aquatic macrophytes in the methane cycle in the water column. Moreover, our results suggest a diel variation of methane oxidation and methane emission, according to the differences observed in O2 uptake and CO2 outflow between dark and light conditions. Thus, future predictions of global methane budget should include the role played by floating aquatic macrophytes.

Life cycle assessment as a tool to evaluate the impact of reducing crude protein in pig diets / Análise do ciclo de vida como ferramenta para avaliar o impacto da redução do conteúdo de proteína bruta da dieta de suínos

ABSTRACT: Environmental impacts of livestock systems, especially pig production, have come under increasing debate in recent years. The challenge is in meeting the growing demand for food at an affordable cost, without compromising environmental integrity. Previous studies have shown that feed production is responsible for the majority of CO2-eq. emission resulting from pig farming systems. This seems to indicate that feed strategies could be an effective tool to achieve the sustainability of the pork chain. Therefore, dietary crude protein reduction, through the addition of industrial amino acids, lessens the nitrogen excretion by pigs and, consequently, could mitigate the effects on the environment of pig production. In this sense, to effectively evaluate the environmental impacts of pig production systems, life cycle assessment has been widely used in agriculture, but the effects of feed are still understudied in Brazilian conditions. Owing to the importance and the great concern in this research area, we presented in this paper an updated review focusing on the nutritional techniques and their potential to reduce the global warming potential of pig production, considering both the direct effects, related to the choice of feed ingredients and the indirect effects, related to changes in the efficiency of use of nutrient by the animals.

RESUMO: O impacto ambiental da produção animal, especialmente da suinocultura, vêm sendo objeto de crescente debate nos últimos anos. O desafio é atender a crescente demanda por alimentos a um custo acessível, mas sem comprometer a integridade ambiental. Estudos vêm demonstrando que a produçao de rações é responsável pela maior parte das emissões de CO2-eq. do sistema de produção de suínos. Isso parece indicar que estratégias de alimentação podem ser ferramentas eficientes para alcançar a sustentabilidade da cadeia suinícola. Dessa forma, a redução do conteúdo de proteína bruta da dieta através da inclusão de aminoácidos industriais, leva à diminuição da excreção de nitrogênio em suínos e, consequentemente, pode mitigar o impacto ambiental do sistema de produção de suínos. Neste sentido, para avaliação efetiva do impacto ambiental do sistema produtivo, a análise do ciclo de vida vem sendo amplamente utilizada na agricultura, mas os efeitos da alimentação ainda são pouco estudados nas condições brasileiras. Devido a importância e a grande preocupação nesta área de pesquisa, este artigo trás uma revisão atualizada com foco nas técnicas de nutrição e principalmente no seu potencial em reduzir o potencial de aquecimento global da produção de suínos, considerando ambos os efeitos diretos, relacionados à escolha dos ingredientes da ração, e os efeitos indiretos, relacionados às mudanças na eficiência de uso de nutrientes pelos animais.